{ "professionOrOccupation" : [ { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/gnd/4066533-1", "label" : "Wirtschaftswissenschaftler" }, { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/gnd/4025243-7", "label" : "Hochschullehrer" }, { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/gnd/4066567-7", "label" : "Wissenschaftler" } ], "gender" : [ { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/standards/vocab/gnd/gender#male", "label" : "Männlich" } ], "variantNameEntityForThePerson" : [ { "forename" : [ "Richard" ], "surname" : [ "Baldwin" ] }, { "forename" : [ "Richard Edward" ], "surname" : [ "Baldwin" ] }, { "forename" : [ "R." ], "surname" : [ "Baldwin" ] }, { "forename" : [ "R. E." ], "surname" : [ "Baldwin" ] } ], "type" : [ "DifferentiatedPerson", "Person", "AuthorityResource" ], "@context" : "https://lobid.org/gnd/context.jsonld", "gndSubjectCategory" : [ { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/standards/vocab/gnd/gnd-sc#10.2dp", "label" : "Personen zu Wirtschaftswissenschaften" } ], "oldAuthorityNumber" : [ "(DE-588a)114688842", "(DE-588)1068656433", "(DE-588)1089356846" ], "geographicAreaCode" : [ { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/standards/vocab/gnd/geographic-area-code#XD-US", "label" : "USA" }, { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/standards/vocab/gnd/geographic-area-code#XA-CH", "label" : "Schweiz" } ], "deprecatedUri" : [ "https://d-nb.info/gnd/1089356846", "https://d-nb.info/gnd/1068656433" ], "biographicalOrHistoricalInformation" : [ "Ehrendoktor der Handelshochschule Turku, Finnland (2005), der Universität St. Gallen, Schweiz (2012) und der peruanischen Päpstliche Katholische Universität von Peru in Lima (2014)" ], "affiliation" : [ { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/gnd/39157-8", "label" : "National Bureau of Economic Research" }, { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/gnd/2131542-5", "label" : "International Institute for Management Development" }, { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/gnd/5149015-8", "label" : "Universität St. Gallen" }, { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/gnd/277099-4", "label" : "Centre for Economic Policy Research" }, { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/gnd/1003273-3", "label" : "Nuffield College" }, { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/gnd/1006172-1", "label" : "Université de Genève. Institut de hautes études internationales" }, { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/gnd/510003-3", "label" : "Columbia University. Graduate School of Business" } ], "academicDegree" : [ "Prof. Dr." ], "publication" : [ "On the growth effects of import competition", "Market access and international competition", "Market integration, regionalism, and the global economy" ], "describedBy" : { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/gnd/114688842/about", "maintainer" : { "id" : "https://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/organisations/DE-101", "label" : "https://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/organisations/DE-101" }, "dctCreator" : { "id" : "https://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/organisations/DE-101", "label" : "https://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/organisations/DE-101" }, "license" : { "id" : "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "label" : "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" }, "dateModified" : "2026-01-21T09:50:16.000", "descriptionLevel" : { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/standards/vocab/gnd/description-level#1", "label" : "Katalogisierungslevel 1" } }, "gndIdentifier" : "114688842", "id" : "https://d-nb.info/gnd/114688842", "preferredName" : "Baldwin, Richard E.", "wikipedia" : [ { "id" : "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Baldwin", "label" : "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Baldwin" } ], "variantName" : [ "Baldwin, Richard", "Baldwin, R. E.", "Baldwin, R.", "Baldwin, Richard Edward" ], "preferredNameEntityForThePerson" : { "forename" : [ "Richard E." ], "surname" : [ "Baldwin" ] }, "sameAs" : [ { "collection" : { "abbr" : "BNF", "name" : "Bibliothèque nationale de France", "publisher" : "Bibliothèque nationale de France", "icon" : "https://www.bnf.fr/themes/custom/bnfsi/favicon.ico", "id" : "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q19938912" }, "id" : "http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb134935665" }, { "id" : "http://id.loc.gov/rwo/agents/n94056205", "collection" : { "id" : "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q13219454", "abbr" : "LC", "publisher" : "Library of Congress", "icon" : "http://www.loc.gov/favicon.ico", "name" : "NACO Authority File" } }, { "id" : "http://viaf.org/viaf/64159970", "collection" : { "id" : "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q54919", "abbr" : "VIAF", "publisher" : "OCLC", "icon" : "http://viaf.org/viaf/images/viaf.ico", "name" : "Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)" } }, { "id" : "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q7323929", "collection" : { "id" : "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2013", "abbr" : "WIKIDATA", "publisher" : "Wikimedia Foundation Inc.", "icon" : "https://www.wikidata.org/static/favicon/wikidata.ico", "name" : "Wikidata" } }, { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/gnd/1068656433", "collection" : { "id" : "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q36578", "abbr" : "DNB", "publisher" : "Deutsche Nationalbibliothek", "icon" : "http://www.dnb.de/SiteGlobals/StyleBundles/Bilder/favicon.png?__blob=normal&v=1", "name" : "Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek" } }, { "id" : "https://d-nb.info/gnd/1089356846", "collection" : { "id" : "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q36578", "abbr" : "DNB", "publisher" : "Deutsche Nationalbibliothek", "icon" : "http://www.dnb.de/SiteGlobals/StyleBundles/Bilder/favicon.png?__blob=normal&v=1", "name" : "Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek" } }, { "collection" : { "abbr" : "DNB", "name" : "Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek", "publisher" : "Deutsche Nationalbibliothek", "icon" : "https://www.dnb.de/SiteGlobals/Frontend/DNBWeb/Images/favicon.png?__blob=normal&v=4", "id" : "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q36578" }, "id" : "https://d-nb.info/gnd/114688842/about" }, { "collection" : { "abbr" : "dewiki", "name" : "Wikipedia (Deutsch)", "publisher" : "Wikimedia Foundation Inc.", "icon" : "https://de.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico", "id" : "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q48183" }, "id" : "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Baldwin" }, { "collection" : { "abbr" : "enwiki", "name" : "Wikipedia (English)", "publisher" : "Wikimedia Foundation Inc.", "icon" : "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico", "id" : "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q328" }, "id" : "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_%28economist%29" }, { "id" : "https://isni.org/isni/0000000109093854", "collection" : { "id" : "https://isni.org" } }, { "id" : "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1965-4157", "collection" : { "id" : "https://orcid.org" } }, { "collection" : { "abbr" : "DDB", "name" : "Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek", "publisher" : "Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek", "icon" : "https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/favicon.ico", "id" : "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q621630" }, "id" : "https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/114688842" } ], "depiction" : [ { "id" : "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Richard%20Baldwin%20-%20Festival%20Economia%202018.jpg", "url" : "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Richard%20Baldwin%20-%20Festival%20Economia%202018.jpg?uselang=de", "thumbnail" : "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Richard%20Baldwin%20-%20Festival%20Economia%202018.jpg?width=270", "publisher" : "Wikimedia Commons", "creatorName" : [ "Niccolò Caranti" ], "creditText" : [ "Own work" ], "copyrighted" : true, "license" : [ { "id" : "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "attributionRequired" : true, "name" : "Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0", "abbr" : "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ] } ] }